![]() ![]() ' Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy: An Evidence-Based Approach, 3e'. Physical Therapy Associated With Cardiovascular Pump Dysfunction and Failure. ^ Jones D (2003), Roach P, Hartmann J, Setter J (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8.The study found that broad descriptions agreed better than detailed descriptions. In 2016, the European Respiratory Society reported on a study of various physicians listening to audiovisual recordings of auscultation findings and interobserver variation was analyzed. Crackles that partially clear or change after coughing may indicate bronchiectasis. Associated diagnoses Ĭrackles are often associated with inflammation or infection of the small bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.Ĭrackles that do not clear after a cough may indicate pulmonary edema or fluid in the alveoli due to heart failure, pulmonary fibrosis, or acute respiratory distress syndrome. They can also be described as unilateral or bilateral, as well as dry or moist/wet. Their presence usually indicates an airway disease, such as bronchiectasis. ![]()
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